Kidney Stone Prevention and Management

Lifestyle Interventions

Increased fluid intake is recommended to prevent kidney stones, aiming for a urine volume of at least 2.5 liters daily, as suggested by the American Urological Association 1, 2
Dietary calcium should be maintained at 1,000-1,200 mg per day for calcium stone formers, according to the American Urological Association 1, 2
Sodium restriction to 2,300 mg daily is recommended to reduce urinary calcium excretion, as advised by the American Urological Association 1, 3
Limiting oxalate-rich foods is recommended for those with calcium oxalate stones and high urinary oxalate, as suggested by the American Urological Association 1

Thiazide diuretics are recommended for calcium stones with hypercalciuria, as suggested by the American Urological Association 3, 4
Potassium citrate therapy is recommended for calcium stones with hypocitraturia, according to the American Urological Association 3, 4
Potassium citrate is first-line therapy for uric acid stones, aiming to increase urinary pH to 6.0, as recommended by the American Urological Association 5, 6
For cystine stones, potassium citrate is recommended to increase urinary pH to 7.0, along with high fluid intake, as suggested by the American Urological Association 5, 6

Vitamin C supplements should be discontinued in calcium stone formers with hyperoxaluria, as they can increase urinary oxalate excretion by 22%, according to the National Kidney Foundation 7, 8
Cranberry supplements may increase urinary oxalate concentrations, increasing stone risk, as reported by the American Society of Nephrology 9
Supplemental calcium may increase stone formation risk by 20%, as suggested by the American Urological Association 1, 2

A 24-hour urine specimen should be obtained within six months of initiating treatment to assess response, as recommended by the American Urological Association 5, 6
Annual 24-hour urine specimens are recommended for ongoing monitoring, according to the American Urological Association 5, 6
Periodic blood testing is necessary to assess for adverse effects of pharmacological therapy, as suggested by the American Urological Association 5, 6