Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Chronic Kidney Disease

Patient‑related Risk Factors

• Diabetes mellitus is associated with a ~30 % higher odds of gastrointestinal bleeding (including melena) in individuals with chronic kidney disease (OR 1.30, 95 % CI 1.22‑1.39)【1】【2】.

Medication‑related Risk Factors

• The routine use of anticoagulant therapy in chronic kidney disease patients—often required for dialysis access or cardiovascular comorbidities—contributes to an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding【3】.