Choline Intake Limits and Safety Considerations for Citicoline Use

Upper Limit for Dietary Choline

• The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) recommends that the maximum safe intake of choline for adults is 3.5 g per day. 1, 2

Adverse Effects of High Choline Doses

• ESPEN advises that excessive choline consumption can lead to hypotension and a fish‑like body odor as common side effects. 2

Potential Cardiovascular Risks from Choline Metabolism

• ESPEN highlights concerns that high choline intake may be converted to trimethylamine‑N‑oxide (TMAO), which is associated with a possible long‑term negative impact on cardiovascular health. 1, 2