Praxis Medical Insights

Est. 2024 • Clinical Guidelines Distilled

Made possible by volunteer editors from the University of Calgary & University of Alberta

Last Updated: 1/16/2026

Evidence‑Based Causes and Mechanisms of Intrahepatic Cholestasis

Drug‑Induced Cholestasis

  • Drug‑induced cholestasis is the most common acquired form of intrahepatic cholestasis and results from inhibition of hepatocellular transporters—particularly the bile salt export pump (BSEP)—or from idiosyncratic inflammatory reactions at the bile‑ductular level【1】.
  • Chlorpromazine is the prototype agent; prolonged exposure (> 6 months) can cause persistent cholestasis and may progress to vanishing bile‑duct syndrome【1】【2】.
  • Recognized risk factors for drug‑induced cholestasis include patient age, gender, drug dose, and concomitant medications【1】【3】.

Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (ICP)

  • ICP affects approximately 0.4 %–2.0 % of pregnancies in Europe, presenting with intense nocturnal pruritus, elevated transaminases, and increased fasting bile‑acid concentrations; symptoms typically resolve spontaneously within 4–6 weeks after delivery【1】【2】.
  • The pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic variants in hepatocanalicular transport proteins (ABCB4, ABCB11, ATP8B1, FXR), estrogen/progesterone metabolites, and environmental triggers【1】.

Genetic/Hereditary Cholestatic Disorders

Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis (PFIC)

  • PFIC comprises rare, chronic, progressive cholestatic disorders of childhood; PFIC 1 and PFIC 2 are characterized by low serum γ‑glutamyltransferase (GGT), whereas PFIC 3 shows elevated GGT, severe pruritus, and various extra‑hepatic manifestations【4】.
  • PFIC 1 is caused by mutations in the ATP8B1 gene; PFIC 2 results from ABCB11 (BSEP) mutations; PFIC 3 is due to ABCB4 (phospholipid transporter) mutations【4】.

Benign Recurrent Intrahepatic Cholestasis (BRIC)

  • BRIC (types 1 and 2) presents with acute, episodic cholestasis in adolescents or adults, with complete symptom resolution between attacks; missense mutations in ATP8B1 (type 1) and ABCB11 (type 2) are responsible【4】.

Alagille Syndrome

  • Alagille syndrome is an autosomal‑dominant disorder causing chronic progressive cholestasis with ductopenia and characteristic extra‑hepatic features (cardiac, renal, skeletal anomalies, typical facies); pathogenic JAG1 mutations are identified in ~70 % of cases【4】.

Vanishing Bile‑Duct Syndrome (VBDS)

  • VBDS can be precipitated by drug exposure—most notably chlorpromazine—or arise in other clinical contexts; it leads to irreversible loss of intrahepatic bile ducts and may progress to biliary cirrhosis【1】【3】.

Key Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

  • Inhibition of canalicular transporters—including BSEP, MDR3/ABCB4, and MRP2/ABCB2—underlies many forms of intrahepatic cholestasis【3】.
  • Inflammatory or hypersensitivity reactions at the cholangiocellular level also contribute to cholestatic injury【3】.

Causas y Clasificación de la Colestasis

Clasificación General

  • La colestasis se clasifica anatómicamente como intrahepática o extrahepática, siendo la intrahepática causada por enfermedades hepatobiliares y la extrahepática principalmente debido a lesiones obstructivas de los conductos biliares fuera del hígado 5, 6

Causas de Colestasis Intrahepática

  • La colestasis intrahepática puede ser causada por sepsis o endotoxemia, hepatitis viral, esteatohepatitis alcohólica o no alcohólica, fármacos o nutrición parenteral, trastornos genéticos como BRIC, PFIC, deficiencia de ABCB4, y otros 6, 7
  • Trastornos infiltrantes malignos como enfermedades hematológicas y cáncer metastásico también pueden causar colestasis intrahepática 7
  • Trastornos infiltrantes benignos como amiloidosis, sarcoidosis hepática, y enfermedades de almacenamiento pueden causar colestasis intrahepática 7

Causas de Colestasis Extrahepática

  • La colestasis extrahepática puede ser causada por obstrucción biliar intrínseca como coledocolitiasis, colecistitis aguda calculosa, colangitis, y colangiocarcinoma o cáncer de vesícula biliar 8
  • La obstrucción biliar extrínseca como pancreatitis o tumor pancreático, linfoma u otras neoplasias malignas difusas, y compresión por masas adyacentes también pueden causar colestasis extrahepática 8

Diagnóstico

  • El enfoque diagnóstico para la colestasis incluye diferenciar entre colestasis intrahepática y extrahepática, y utilizar pruebas como ecografía abdominal, MRCP, y biopsia hepática para establecer el diagnóstico 6, 7, 8

Tratamiento

  • El tratamiento para la colestasis inducida por medicamentos es la retirada del fármaco sospechoso, y el ácido ursodesoxicólico (UDCA) es el fármaco de primera elección para el tratamiento de enfermedades hepáticas colestásicas de diversas causas 8
  • El trasplante hepático puede ser el tratamiento definitivo en casos avanzados de enfermedad hepática colestásica 8