Praxis Medical Insights

Est. 2024 • Clinical Guidelines Distilled

Made possible by volunteer editors from the University of Calgary & University of Alberta

Last Updated: 9/13/2025

Medical Contraindications to Milk Consumption

Unpasteurized (Raw) Milk Contraindications

  • Pregnant women, fetuses, newborn infants, infants, and children should completely avoid unpasteurized milk and milk products due to significant risk of foodborne illness 2, 3
  • Immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV, should avoid unpasteurized dairy products due to increased risk of serious infections 4
  • Raw milk consumption is associated with multiple serious pathogens including bacterial infections: E. coli O157, Campylobacter species, Salmonella species, Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella abortus, and tuberculosis 3
  • Raw milk consumption is associated with multiple serious pathogens including parasitic infections: Giardia species 5
  • Raw milk consumption is associated with multiple serious pathogens including viral infections: Norovirus, Rabies, Vaccinia 5

Epidemiological Evidence

  • Between 1998-2009, consumption of raw milk products in the US resulted in 93 illness outbreaks, 1837 illnesses, 195 hospitalizations, and 2 deaths 3
  • 79% of these outbreaks involved at least one person younger than 20 years 3
  • From 1993-2006, 60% of dairy-associated foodborne illness outbreaks were linked to unpasteurized products, causing 1571 cases, 202 hospitalizations, and 176 deaths 3

Common Pitfalls in Management

  • Claims linking pasteurized milk to autism, allergies, and asthma are based on anecdotes and not supported by scientific evidence 5
  • Failing to recognize that pasteurized milk maintains equivalent nutritional value compared to raw milk 5